Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) IO

Attempts to encode analog data into a digital signal by turning it all the way on or off with a duty cycle that matches the analog value. Typically, the freqency of the digital signal is kept constant, and the amount of time spent on or off (the duty cycle) is changed. Higher frequencies make it easier to average out the signal, but increase the costs associated with switching on and off. Lower frequencies are more efficient, but harder to smooth out.

The main advantage of PWM is that it keeps the switch (transistor, mosfet, etc...) in states were it drops little current. Linear drive, where the switch is held partly on or off, causes the switch itself to act as a resistive element or load, dropping the power not being sent on to the load as heat. When fully on or fully off, the switch is dropping no current. Only in the transition from one state to the other is there a load on the switch.

• General Digital to Analog IO (note Sigma-Delta... much better than PWM for bit banging via code)
• PIC PWM
• SX PWM
• PWM from the Browser via <audio>
• Dan Michaels PIC/SX RAM Table based PWM
• PWM vs Switched continuous power
• Vee (negative supply) from PIC PWM by David Covick
• Analog Output with jumper settings for voltage and current ranges
• Suppression of harmonic content
• Motor Control
• Servos
• Music / Speech

Talking motors?

Consider using the motor windings as a crude speaker. If the PWM is heard as an audible whine then it may be possible to produce an audio warning through the windings in cases of user abuse.

see also:

• http://wigglewave.wordpress.com/2014/08/16/pulse-waveforms-and-harmonics/An excellent and easy to understand explaination of harmonics at different duty cycles.
• http://home.hiwaay.net/~mjn/ PIC controlled PWM for electric flight - including a brake circuit running off a 12C509
• http://192.195.23.217/robots/mogotut/simplemotor.htm - explains how to do very basic locked anti-phase PWM on a motor using a PIC 16C73A and PicBasic Pro.
• http://www.bobblick.com/bob/projects/sv2pwm/ servo pulse to PWM converter
• http://www.oricomtech.com/appnotes.htm "AN-ECD06 - Precision 50-nsec Pulse Generation Using a PIC16C63"
• Scott Dattalo: Tweaking a PIC for pwm32 and pwm256 also Square waves
• Don Lancaster's Magic Sin Waves

Questions

• eyals44 at @spam@htomail.com asks: "How do i set up pwm in c.?" See: JP Browns CCS Servo code

  .